ifjp;
	çkphu le; ls gh Hkkjr dh ifo= olqU/kjk us ekuo tkfr ds csgrj jgu&lgu ds rjhds [kkst fudkyus esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fd;k gSA ;ksx ,oa çkd`frd fpfdRlk Hkkjr esa tUeh mu çkphu fo/kkvksa esa ls gSa ftuesa jksxksa dh jksdFkke] mipkj] iqu% LokLF; LFkkiu rFkk LokLF; lao/kZu dh vlhfer laHkkouk,a gSaA
	vktdy tulk/kkj.k esa Lo;a dks 'kkjhfjd] ekufld] lkekftd vkSSj vk/;kfRed :Ik ls LoLFk vkSj rUnq#Lr j[kus ds fy, ;ksx ,oa çkd`frd fpfdRlk ds çHkkoksa ,oa mi;ksfxrk dks tkuus ds çfr tkx:drk c<+ jgh gSA
	;ksx
	Hkkjr esa ;ksx ijEijk dbZ gtkj o"kZ iwoZ çkjEHk gqbZ FkhA blds tud egku lar ,oa Ekuh"kh FksA bu egku ;ksfx;ksa us ;ksx esa gq, vius vuqHkoksa dh foosdiw.kZ <ax ls O;k[;k djds ,d O;kogkfjd :Ik ls iw.kZ ,oa oSKkfud fof/k çLrqr dhA igys dh Hkkafr vkt ;ksx vYila[;d lU;kfl;ksa dk fo'ks"kkf/kdkj ugha jg x;k gS vfirq blus gekjs nSfud thou esa viuk egRoiw.kZ LFkku cuk fy;k gS vkSj fiNys dqN n'kdksa esa rks ;ksx us lEiw.kZ fo'o esa ,d tkx`fr ,oa Lohd`fr çkIr dh gSA ;ksx foKku ,oa mldh rduhfd;ksa dks vc rd bl çdkj iquZ&vfHkeq[khÑr fd;k x;k gS fd og vk/kqfud thou 'kSyh ,oa vko';drkvksa ds vuqdwy cu ldsaA vk/kqfud fpfdRlk foKku lfgr vkS"kf/k foKku dh fofHkUu 'kk[kkvksa ds fo'ks"kK jksxksa dh jksdFkke ,oa LokLF; dks cuk;s j[kus esa ;ksxkH;kl dh Hkwfedk vuqHko dj jgs gSa !
	;ksx 'kCn dk çknqHkkZo ^^;qftj** /kkrq ls gqvk gS ftldk vFkZ gS & tksM+uk] lEc) djuk ;k feykukA egf"kZ ;kKoYD; ds vuqlkj ;ksx dk vFkZ gS feykuk vFkkZr thokRek dks ijekRek ls feykukA ;ksx 'kCn ds ,d vU; vFkZ ds vuqlkj ;ksx 'kCn dk çknqHkkZo ^^;qt** ls gqvk gS ftldk rkRi;Z gS&vk/;kfRed voxkguA
	;ksx Hkkjrh; n'kZuksa ds 6 çdkjksa esa ls ,d gSA egf"kZ ikratfy ftUgsa ;ksx dk firkeg dgk tkrk gS] us vius ;ksx lw=ksa esa ;ksx ds fofHkUu i{kksa dks Øec) :i ls ladfyr vkSj ifj"Ñr fd;kA mUgksaus euq"; ds O;fDrRo ds lokZaxh.k fodkl ds fy, ;ksx ds vkB inksa ftls ^v"Vkax ;ksx* ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gS] dk leFkZu fd;kA ;s gSa & ;e] fu;e vklu] çk.kk;ke] çR;kgkj] /kkj.kk] /;ku vkSj lekf/kA bu vkB inksa dks brus vPNs vkSj lqO;ofLFkr rjhds ls foosfpr fd;k x;k gS fd blesa dqN Hkh tksM+us ;k mlesa ls fudkyus dh ys'kek= Hkh xqatkb'k ugha gSA budk fuekZ.k euq"; ds O;fDrRo dh eukSoSKkfud le> dh fofo/krk ds vk/kkj ij fd;k x;k gSA ;e] fu;eksa ds vH;kl ;Fkk vfgalk] lR;] vLrs;] czãp;Z] vfijxzg rFkk 'kkSp] larks"k] ri] Lok/;k; rFkk bZ'oj çf.k/kku] ,dkxzrk] ekufld ifo=rk dks c<+kus vkSj papyrk dks nwj djus dk ekxZ crkrs gSaA
	fo'okl] /kS;Z vkSj varZn`f"V ds lkFk vkluksa] eqnzkvksa vkSj çk.kk;ke dk vH;kl efLr"d] ân;] QsQM+ksa] ;d`r] vXuk'k;] xqnksaZ] lHkh raf=dkvksa] ek¡lisf'k;ksa] Årdksa ,oa 'kjhj dh xzfUFk;ksa dks iquthZou çnku djrk gSA ;g vkDlhtu ;qDr larqfyr jDr ifjogu dks c<+krk gSA Hkw[k dks mÙksftr djrk gS] oh;Z] bfUnz;ksa ,oa eu dks fu;af=r j[krk gS rFkk lk/kd dh thou 'kfDr] lkeF;Z ,oa nh?kkZ;q esa o`f) djrk gSA
	blls fopkjksa dk vuojr~ çokg fu;fU=r gksrk gS rFkk eu ,d bfPNr fo"k; ij fVdus yxrk gSA eu ds fVdus ls /khjs&/khjs ,dkxzrk vkrh gS rFkk vH;kl esa o`f) ds lkFk&lkFk bls yEcs le; rd rFkk lgt Hkko ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA
	ti vkSj /;ku ds fu;fer vH;kl vkSj bZ'oj ds çfr lEiw.kZ ân; ls leiZ.k dh Hkkouk ls ;ksxh /khjs&/khjs fnO; xq.kksa tSls ije Kku] ije 'kfDr ,oa ije vkuUn esa vf/kdkf/kd fueXu gksrk pyk tkrk gS rFkk vUrr% ijkekuoh; Kku] 'kfDr;ksa] vkuUn rFkk ifo=rk dks çkIr dj bZ'oj ds lkFk ,dkdkj gks tkrk gSA
	;ksx LoLFk thoup;kZ dk ,d foKku vkSj dyk gSA ;g oa'k] vk;q] fyax] /keZ] tkfr] lEçnk; ,oa vU; fdUgha lhekvksa ls fdlh Hkh çdkj ls çfrcfU/kr ugha gS rFkk mu lHkh ds }kjk bldk vH;kl fd;k tk ldrk gS tks vPNs jgu&lgu ds ckjs esa f'kf{kr gksuk pkgrs gSa rFkk ,d vFkZiw.kZ thou O;rhr djuk pkgrs gSaA
	çkd`frd fpfdRlk
	çkd`frd fpfdRlk 'kjhj dks LoLFk j[kus dk ,d foKku gS tks ik¡p rRoksa & feV~Vh] ikuh] /kwi] gok vkSj vkdk'k dh enn ls 'kjhj dh vkUrfjd 'kfDr dks mÙksftr dj mls iqu% LokLF; çnku djrk gSA çkd`frd fpfdRlk çd`fr dh vksj ykSVus dk ,d vkg~oku gS RkFkk Lo;a] lekt ,oa Ik;kZoj.k ds lkFk lkeatL; j[krs gq, lknk thou O;rhr djus dk ,d mik; gSA
	okLro esa çkd`frd fpfdRlk thou thus dk ,d rjhdk gS ftlds vusd lUnHkZ osnksa ,oa çkphu xzUFkksa esa feyrs gSaA fotkrh; inkFkZ dk fl)kUr] thouh 'kfDr dh vo/kkj.kk rFkk vU; vo/kkj.kk,¡ ftu ij çkd`frd fpfdRlk vk/kkfjr gS iqjkus xzUFkksa esa igys ls gh ekStwn gSa rFkk bl ckr dk çek.k gSa fd ;s rjhds çkphu Hkkjr esa foLr`r :Ik ls ç;ksx esa yk, tkrs FksA
	çkd`frd fpfdRlk ekurh gS fd lHkh chekfj;k¡ 'kjhj esa fotkrh; inkFkksZa ds ,d= gksus dh otg ls mRiUu gksrh gSa vkSj ;fn budks nwj djus dk volj fn;k tk, rks çkd`frd fpfdRlk ls ykHk ;k vkjke feyrk gSA çkd`frd fpfdRlk ;g ekurh gS fd euq"; ds 'kjhj esa Lo;a fuekZ.k vkSj Lo;a LoLFk jgus dh vkUrfjd {kerk gksrh gSA çkd`frd fpfdRlk rFkk vU; fpfdRlk ç.kkfy;ksa esa eq[; vUrj ;gh gS fd çkd`frd fpfdRlk dk n`f"Vdks.k lexzrk dk gS tcfd vU; fpfdRlk i)fr;ksa dk n`f"Vdks.k fof'k"Vrk dkA çkd`frd fpfdRlk çR;sd jksx ds vyx dkj.k rFkk mldh fof'k"V fpfdRlk esa fo'okl ugha j[krh vfirq vçkd`frd jgu&lgu] fopkj djus] lksus&tkxus] dk;Z djus rFkk ;kSu lEcU/kh vkpj.k esa fo"kerk vkfn dkj.kksa dks gh jksxksa ds eq[; dkj.k ds :Ik esa Lohdkj djrh gSA lkFk gh okrkoj.k lEcU/kh mu dkj.kksa dks Hkh /;ku esa j[krh gS tks 'kjhj ds larqyu ij nq"çHkko Mkydj bls nks"k;qDr] fucZy rFkk fotkrh; nzO;ksa ls ;qDr dj nsrs gSaA fpfdRlk esa Hkh ;g mu lc dkj.kksa dks lq/kkjus dks çkFkfedrk nsrh gS rFkk 'kjhj dks viuh uSlfxZd voLFkk esa ykSVus esa lgk;rk igq¡pkrh gSA çkd`frd fpfdRlk dk dk;Z lgh fpfdRlk çfØ;kvksa ds ç;ksx }kjk çd`fr ds jksx fuokj.k esa lgk;rk nsuk rFkk çkd`frd 'kfDr;ksa dks lqjf{kr lhekvksa essa dk;Zjr j[kuk gh gksrk gSA fpfdRlk dh ik¡p çeq[k fo/kk,¡ feV~Vh] ty] ok;q] vfXu ,oa vkdk'k gSaA
	çkd`frd fpfdRlk dk vkUnksyu teZuh rFkk vU; ik'pkR; ns'kksa esa ty fpfdRlk ds :i esa çkjEHk gqvkA mu çkjfEHkd fnuksa esa ty fpfdRlk dks çkd`frd fpfdRlk dk lekukFkZd le>k tkrk FkkA ty fpfdRlk dks fo'oçfl) cukus dk Js; Jh foUlsaV fçlfut+ ¼1799&1851½ dks tkrk gS tks fd ,d d`"kd FksA MkW0 fyUMykj ,oa nwljs çkd`frd fpfdRld rks mUgsa ^^çkd`frd fpfdRlk dk firk** dgus dh lhek rd pys x, gSaA ^^uspqjksiSFkh** 'kCn dk ç;ksx MkW0 'khy us lu~ 1895 esa fd;kA /khjs&/khjs vk/kqfud vk;qfoZKku ds dqN nwljs fo'k"kKksa us Hkh çkd`frd fpfdRlk esa mRlkg fn[kk;k vkSj mUgkssaus çkÑfrd fpfdRlk ds {ks= esa dqN vU; fpfdRlk fo/kkvksa dks tksM+k ,oa mUgsa oSKkfud :i ls fodflr fd;kA çkd`frd fpfdRlk ds vkUnksyu us Hkkjro"kZ esa ml le; tksj idM+k tc xka/kh th us izkd`frd fpfdRlk esa #fp fn[kk;h rFkk bLkdks vius dk;ZØeksa esa LFkku fn;kA xka/kh th us iwuk] egkjk"Vª ds fudV mjyhdkWpu esa ,d çkd`frd fpfdRlk dsUnz Hkh LFkkfir fd;k tks vkt rd dk;Z dj jgk gSA
	la{ksi esa] çkd`frd fpfdRlk zmiyC/k mu lHkh gkfujfgr mipkjksa ,oa uSnkfud fo/kkvksa dks vius esa lekfgr djrh gS tks 'kjhj dh çkd`frd dk;Zç.kkyh {kerk ,oa mls LoLFk cuk;s j[kus esa O;o/kku ugha Mkyrs gSaA